Excerpt
MOLECULAR WEIGHTS.
A new and most valuable method of determining the molecular weights of non-volatile as well as volatile substances has just been brought into prominence by Prof. Victor Meyer (Berichte, 1888, No. 3). The method itself was discovered by M. Raoult, and finally perfected by him in 1886, but up to the present has been but little utilized by chemists. It will be remembered that Prof. Meyer has recently discovered two isomeric series of derivatives of benzil, differing only in the position of the various groups in space. If each couple of isomers possess the same molecular weight, a certain modification of the new Van't Hoff-Wislicenus theory as to the position of atoms in space is rendered necessary; but if the two are polymers, one having a molecular weight n times that of the other, then the theory in its present form will still hold. Hence it was imperative to determine without doubt the molecular weight of some two typical isomers. But the compounds in question are not volatile, so that vapor density determinations were out of the question. In this difficulty Prof. Meyer has tested the discovery of M. Raoult upon a number of compounds of known molecular weights, and found it perfectly reliable and easy of application. The method depends upon the lowering of the solidifying point of a solvent, such as water, benzine, or glacial acetic acid, by the introduction of a given weight of the substance whose molecular weight is to be determined. The amount by which the solidifying point is lowered is connected with the molecular weight, M, by the following extremely simple formula: M = T x (P / C); where C represents the amount by which the point of congelation is lowered, P the weight of anhydrous substance dissolved in 100 grammes of the solvent, and T a constant for the same solvent readily determined from volatile substances whose molecular weights are well known. On applying this law to the case of two isomeric benzil derivatives, the molecular weights were found, as expected, to be identical, and not multiples; hence Prof. Meyer is perfectly justified in introducing the necessary modification in the "position in space" theory. Now that this generalization of Raoult is placed upon a secure basis, it takes its well merited rank along with that of Dulong and Petit as a most valuable means of checking molecular weights, especially in determining which of two or more possible values expresses the truth.—Nature.
[Continued from Supplement, No. 642, page 10258.] THE DIRECT OPTICAL PROJECTION OF ELECTRO-DYNAMIC LINES OF FORCE AND OTHER ELECTRO-DYNAMIC PHENOMENA. By Prof. J.W. MOORE. II. LOOPS.
If the wire, with its lines of force, be bent into the form of a vertical circle 1â…› in. in diameter, and fixed in a glass plate, some of the lines of force will be seen parallel to the axis of the circle. If the loop is horizontal, the lines become points.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 14a.
FIELDS OF LOOPS AND MAGNETS.Place now a vertical loop opposite to the pole of a short bar magnet cemented to the glass plate with the N pole facing it. If the current passes in one direction the field will be as represented by Fig. 14b; if it is reversed by the commutator, Fig. 14c is an image of the spectrum. Applying Faraday's second principle, it appears that attraction results in the first case, and repulsion in the second. The usual method of stating the fact is, that if you face the loop and the current circulates from left over to right, the N end of the needle will be drawn into the loop.
Fig. 14b.
Fig. 14c.
It thus becomes evident that the loop is equivalent to a flat steel plate, one surface of which is N and the other S. Facing the loop if the current is right handed, the S side is toward you.
TO SHOW THE ACTUAL ATTRACTION AND REPULSION OF A MAGNET BY A "MAGNETIC SHELL."Produce the field as before (Fig. 14), carry a suspended magnetic needle over the field. It will tend to place itself parallel to the lines of force, with the N pole in such a position that, if the current passes clockwise as you look upon the plane of the loop, it will be drawn into the loop. Reversing the position of the needle or of current will show repulsion.
Clerk Maxwell's method of stating the fact is that "every portion of the circuit is acted on by a force urging it across the lines of magnetic induction, so as to include a greater number of these lines within the embrace of the circuit."
If the horizontal loop is used (Fig. 14a), the needle tries to assume a vertical position, with the N or S end down, according to the direction of the current.
If it is desired to show that if the magnet is fixed and the loop free, the loop will be attracted or repelled, a special support is needed.
Fig. 15
A strip (Fig. 15) of brass, J, having two iron mercury cups, K1 K2, screwed near the ends, one insulated from the strip, is fastened upon the horizontal arm of the ring support, Fig. 9, already described. The cups may be given a slight vertical motion for accurate adjustment. Small conductors (Figs. 16, 17, 18), which are circles, rectangles, solenoids, etc., may be suspended from the top of the plate by unspun silk, with the ends dipping into the mercury....